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518Part IVRunning ApplicationsFigure 20-6:Add headings and approval lines automatically to memos. Adding Equations, Tables, and PicturesTo interpret special macros for equations, tables, and line drawings, you can runseparate commands (eqn, tbl, and piccommands) on the file before you run thegroffcommand. Alternatively, you can add options to the groffcommand line tohave the file preprocessed automatically by any of the commands (-efor eqn, -tfor tbl, and -pfor pic). Here are some examples of EQN, TBL, and PIC markup included in a Groff docu- ment. The first example shows an equation that can be processed by eqn: .EQa ~ mark = ~ 30.EN.sp.EQa sup 2 ~ + ~ b sup 2~lineup = ~ 100028_
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517Chapter 20Working with Words and ImagesThe mm macros were often used to produce technical memos. The following is anexample of a sign-off sheet that might go at the front of a larger technical memo: .TLMerger Technical Specifications.AF ABC Corporation .AU Christopher Craft .AT President .ASThis memo details the specifications for the planned merger. .AE.MT Merger Description and Marching Orders As a result of our talks with XYZ corporation, we plan to goforward with the merger. This document contains the following: .BL.LISchedule and time tables. .LIFinancial statements. .LIAsset allocations. .LE.SPPlease add any corrections you have, then sign the approvalline indicated at the bottom of this sheet. .FC.SG.AV John W. Doe, XYZ Corporation President .AV Sylvia Q. Public, XYZ Corporation CFO .NSEveryone in the corporation. .NEFigure 20-6 shows the output of this memo. For a complete listing of mm macros, see the groff_mm man page. More than 100mm macros exist. Also, dozens of defined strings let you set and recall informationsuch as figure names, tables, table of contents information, and text that is auto- matically printed with different headings. Note28_
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516Part IVRunning ApplicationsTo format and print (to a PostScript printer) a document with mm macros, use thefollowing: $groff -mm -Tps -l letter.mmHere s a simple example of how to use mm macros to produce a letter: .WA Christopher T. Craft 999 Anyway WayAnytown, UT 84111 USA.WE.IAJohn W. Doe111 Notown Blvd. Notown, UT 84111.IE.LO RN Our telephone conversation .LO SA Dear Mr. Doe: .LTIn reference to our telephone conversation on the 4th, I amcalling to confirm our upcoming appointment on the 18th. I lookforward to discussing the merger. I believe we have a win-winsituation here. .FC Yours Truly, .SGUse the command line $ groff -mm -Tps -l letter.mm, and the output willlook like Figure 20-5. Figure 20-5:Create a simple letter using mm macros.
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515Chapter 20Working with Words and ImagesTable 20-1Man MacrosMacroDescription.BBold.BIBold, then italics (alternating) .BRBold, then roman (alternating) .DTSet default tabs.HPBegin a hanging indent.IItalics.IBItalics, then bold (alternating) .IPBegin hanging tag. For options. Long tags use .TP. .IRItalics, then roman (alternating) .LPBegin paragraph .PDSet distance between paragraphs.PPBegin paragraph .RBRoman, then bold (alternating) .REEnd relative indent (after .RS) .RIRoman, then italics (alternating) .RSBegin relative indent (use .RE to end indent) .SBSmall text, then bold (alternating) .SMSmall text. Used to show words in all caps. .SHSection head.SSSubheading within a .SH heading. .THTitle heading. Used once at the beginning of the man page. .TPBegin a hanging tag. Begins text on next line, not same line as tag. Creating a Letter, Memo, or White Paper with GroffMemorandum macros (which are used with the -mmoption of Groff) were once pop- ular among UNIX users for producing technical documents, letters, and memos. Although more modern word processors with a variety of WYSIWYG templateshave made the mm macros outdated, in a pinch they are still a quick way to createa typeset-style document in a text environment.
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514Part IVRunning ApplicationsMost man pages are stored in subdirectories of /usr/share/man. Before you cre- ate a man page, refer to similar man pages to see the markup and the headings theyinclude. Man1 has commands; man2 has system calls; man3 has library functions; man4 has special device files (/dev/*); man5 has file formats; man6 has games; man7 has miscellaneous components; and man8 has administrative commands. A few other kinds of macros are used in the man page. The .IP macros formatindented paragraphs for things such as options. The man page also contains somelower-level font requests; for example, fB says to change the current font to bold, fI changes the font to italic, and fR changes it back to regular font. (This markupis better than asking for a particular font type because it just changes to bold, italic, or regular for the current font.) Figure 20-4 shows what the waycool man page lookslike after it is formatted with groff: $groff -man -Tps -l waycool.1Figure 20-4:Man page formatting adds headers and lays out the page of text. Table 20-1 lists the macros that you can use on your man pages. These macros aredescribed on the man(7) manual page (type man 7 manto view that page). Tip28_
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513Chapter 20Working with Words and ImagesTo format a man page for typesetting, you could specify PostScript or HP LaserJetoutput. Direct the output to a file or to a printer. Here are a couple of examples: $ groff -Tps -man /tmp/chown.1 > /tmp/chown.ps$groff -Tlj4 -man -l /tmp/chown.1The first example creates PostScript output (-Tps) and directs it to a file called/tmp/chown.ps. That file can be read by a PostScript previewer (such asGhostscript) or sent to a printer (lpr /tmp/chown.ps). The next example createsHP LaserJet output (-Tlj4) and directs it to the default printer (-loption). Creating a Man Page with GroffBefore HOWTOs and info files, man pages were the foundation for informationabout UNIX and UNIX-like systems. Each command, file format, device, or othercomponent either had its own man page or was grouped on a man page with similarcomponents. To create your own man page requires that you learn a few macros(inparticular, man macros). Figure 20-3 shows the source for a fictitious man pagefor a command called waycool. Figure 20-3:Simple markup is required to create man pages.
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512Part IVRunning ApplicationsWhen you run the groffformatting command, you can indicate on the commandline which macro packages you are using. You can also indicate that the documentshould be run through any of the following commands that preprocess text for spe- cial formats: .eqn Formats macros that produce equations in groff. .pic Formats macros that create simple line drawings in groff. .tbl Formats macros that produce tables within groff. The formatted Groff document is output for a particular device type. The devicecan be a printer, a window, or (for plain text) your shell. Here are output forms sup- ported by Groff: FormProducespsPostScript output for PostScript printer or a PostScript previewerlj4Output for an HP LaserJet4 printer or other PCL5-compatible printerasciiPlain-text output that can be viewed from a Terminal windowdviOutput in TeX dvi, to output to a variety of devices described laterX75Output for an X11 75 dots/inch previewerX100Output for an X11 100 dots/inch previewerlatin1Typewriter-like output using the ISO Latin-1 character setFormatting and printing documents with GroffTry formatting and printing an existing Groff document using any man pages onyour system. You ll find some in /usr/share/man/*; they re compressed, so copythem to a temporary directory and unzip them to try out Groff. The following commands copy the chown man page to the /tmpdirectory, unzip it, and format it in plain text so you can page through it on your screen: $ cp /usr/share/man/man1/chown.1.gz /tmp$ gunzip /tmp/chown.1.gz$groff -Tascii -man /tmp/chown.1 | lessIn this example, the chown man page (chown.1.gz) is copied to the /tmpdirectory, unzipped (using gunzip), and output in plain text (-Tascii) using the man macros(-man). The output is piped to less, to page through it on your screen. Instead of pip- ing to less ( | less), you could direct the output to a file (> /tmp/chown.txt).
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511Chapter 20Working with Words and Images3.Send the document to an output device (a printer or a display program). If you are accustomed to a word processor with a GUI, you may find these publish- ing tools difficult to learn at first. In general, Groff is useful for creating man pagesfor Linux. LaTeX is useful if you need to produce mathematical documents, perhapsfor publication in a technical journal. Text Processing with GroffThe nroffand trofftext formatting commands were the first interfaces availablefor producing typeset-quality documents with the UNIX system. They aren t editors, but commands through which you send your text, with the result being formattedpages. nroffproduces formatted plain text and includes the capability to do pagi- nation, indents, and text justification, as well as other features. troffproducestypeset text, including everything nroffcan do, plus the capability to produce dif- ferent fonts and spacing. The troffcommand also supports kerning. The groffcommand is the front end for producing nroff/troff documentation. Because Linux man pages are formatted and output in Groff, most of the exampleshere help you create and print man pages with Groff. People rarely use primitive nroff/troffmarkup. Instead, there are common macropackages that simplify creating nroff/troffformatted documents, which include: .man These macros are used to create Linux man pages. You can format aman page using the -manoption to the groffcommand. .mm The mm macros (memorandum macros) were created to producememos, letters, and technical white papers. This package includes macros forcreating tables of contents, lists of figures, references, and other technical- document-style features. You can format an mm document using the -mmoption to the groffcommand. .me These macros are popular for producing memos and technical paperson Berkeley UNIX systems. Format an me document using the groffcom- mand option -me. Groff macro packages are stored in /usr/share/groff/*/tmac. The man macrosare called from the an.tmacfile, mm macros are from m.tmac, and me macros arefrom e.tmac. The naming convention for each macro package is xxx.tmac, wherexxxis replaced by one or more letters representing the macro package. In eachcase, you can understand the name of the macro package by adding an mto thebeginning of the file suffix. Instead of noting a specific macro package, you can use -mandocto choose one.Tip28_
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510Part IVRunning ApplicationsChoosing a Text EditorHardcore UNIX or Linux users tend to edit files with either the vi or emacs text editor. Theseeditors have been around a long time and are hard to learn but efficient to use. (Your fin- gers never leave the keyboard.) The emacs editor has some GUI support, although it runsfine in a Terminal window. There are also GUI versions of vi and emacs that add menu andmouse features to the editors. These are GVim (gvimcommand in the vim-X11 package) and Xemacs (xemacscommand) editors. The following are some of the other, simpler text editors that can run on your graphicaldesktop: Text EditorCommandDescriptiongeditgeditLightweight text editor that comes with the GNOME desktopenvironment. It has simple edit functions (cut, copy, paste, and select all), and you can set indentations and word wrap. Special functions, such as a spell-checker and a diff feature, are included. Start by typing geditfrom a Terminal window. Go to http://gedit.sourceforge.netfor moreinformation. Advanced kwriteIncludes a menu bar to create, open, and save files, and Editor simple edit functions (cut, copy, paste, undo, and help). Otherfeatures enable you to set indents, find and replace text, andselect all. This tool comes with the KDE desktop; access it byselecting Accessories.More Accessories.Kwrite. Text EditorkeditA simple text editor that comes with the KDE desktop. Featureslet you open files from your file system or from a URL. It alsoincludes a convenient toolbar and a spell-checker. Access it byselecting Accessories.More Accessories.Text Editor. neditneditA rather plain-looking, but very advanced, X-based text editor. It provides all the usual editing functions, syntax-highlightingmodes for a plethora of programming languages, and anadvanced macro system. Despite its advanced features, it seasy for beginners to use. joejoeA text-mode editor that s much simpler than either vi oremacs and has the capability to mimic other text editors, such as vi, emacs, pico, and even the late, lamentedWordStar. In addition to standard features like search andreplace, arrow key movements for the cursor, and so on, itoffers macros, code-editing features, and the capability tomove or format large chunks of text easily.
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509Chapter 20Working with Words and Images .Scientific notation is supported. With geqn, you can create complex equations. LaTeX and TeX are suited for technical notation, and some math publicationsrequire LaTeX. .Editing can be faster because traditional Linux documents are created with atext editor. You usually get better performance out of a text editor than a wordprocessor. Simple page layouts work well with Linux documentation tools. For example, a tech- nical book with a few flow charts and images can be easily produced and maintainedusing Groff or TeX documentation tools. Letters and memos are also easy to do withthese tools. And, of course, Linux man pages are created with text-based tools. Additionally, Linux likes PostScript. Although people think of PostScript as a printinglanguage, it is really more of a programming language (you could write PostScriptcode directly). Most Linux document-processing software includes print drivers forPostScript. Some documents on the Web are distributed in PostScript (.ps). The drawback to the traditional Linux document tools is that they are not intuitive. Although there are some easier front ends to LaTeX (see the description of LyXlater in this chapter), if you are creating documents in a text editor, you need tolearn what macros to type into your documents and which formatting and printcommands to use. For many years, the UNIX system documentation distributed by AT&T was created introff/nroff formats, which predate Groff. The documents used separate macro pack- ages for man pages and guide material. Using a source code control system (SCCS), thousands of pages of documentation were ported to different UNIX systems. Creating Documents in Groff or LaTeXYou can use any text editor to create documents for both Linux s Groff (troff/nroff) and LaTeX (TeX) styles of publishing. Most Linux distributions come with severaltext editors. You always have the option to download others from the Internet. (Seethe Choosing a Text Editor sidebar for more information.) Here are the general steps for creating documents in Groff or LaTeX: 1.Create a document with any text editor. The document will contain text andmarkup. 2.Format the document using a formatting command that matches the style ofthe document that you created (for example, with groffor latex). Duringthis step, you may need to indicate that the document contains special con- tent, such as equations (eqncommand), tables (tblcommand), or line draw- ings (piccommand). Note28_
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