462Part IVRunning ApplicationsHow you are allowed to use (Apache web server tutorial)
462Part IVRunning ApplicationsHow you are allowed to use the audio, video, and other media you keep on yourcomputers is increasingly dictated by law (U.S. and international). There was a timewhen you could essentially disregard this issue, but in the era where individualcomputer users have been successfully sued by corporations and industry groups, a little more caution is required. Copyright Protection IssuesThe biggest factor in the new world of digital media policy is the 1998 DigitalMillennium Copyright Act (DMCA). This law ostensibly establishes a frameworkforimplementing several international treaties concerning copyright protection. The DMCA has been widely criticized because it potentially intrudes on the free- speech provisions of the U.S. Constitution. Many people view computer code as aprotected form of speech. A conflict arises because the DMCA forbids the develop- ment of applications that are designed to intentionally circumvent content security. For example, Dmitry Skarlov is a Russian cryptographer who was arrested by the FBIwhile attending a conference in Las Vegas because he demonstrated an applicationthat could decrypt Adobe eBooks. If nothing else this event demonstrated that the DMCA had teeth. Unfortunately theseteeth have been used not only to protect legitimate commerce, but to pursue com- puter scientists at academic institutions researching content protection schemes, encryption, and a range of other technologies. Because the DMCA makes it a crimeto manufacture and transport technology used to circumvent copyright protectionschemes, many researchers have abandoned valuable research that could yield better (stronger and more useful) protection schemes or reveal critical flaws inexisting ones. While DCMA has provided some clout for content providers to legitimately protecttheir material, such as persuading search engines to drop information about linksto illegally posted and copyrighted information, there are times when that clout hasbeen abused. Some copyright holders, it seems, are more than willing to use theDMCA to curtail three rights allowed under pre-DMCA copyright law. Copyrightlaw stipulates: .Users can make a copy of any copyrighted work for academic purposes, report- ing or critique. This includes a wide range of uses, from students/instructorscopying materials for research to someone creating a parody of publishedmaterials. But what about a student making a copy of some DVD materials fora multimedia presentation? The student has fair-use access to the material onthe DVD, but the DMCA makes it illegal for the student to break the DVD encryp- tion that would allow the student to actually copy the material. The fair-use rule is a privilege in others than the owner of the copyright to use thecopyrighted material in a reasonable manner without his consent. Note27_
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